The overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention in cyberspace cause the two nuclear superpowers to stumble into war? In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations’ “blurring of the line between peace and war.” Or, as Nye wrote, “in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer program’s user.”
Jacqueline Cramer is Professor of Sustainable Innovation at Utrecht University, a Strategic Advisor at the Utrecht Sustainability Institute, and a Member of the Amsterdam Economic Board with a focus on circular economy implementation. Dr. Cramer is also the Director of the consultancy firm ‘Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Strategy and Innovation Consulting’. Previously, Dr. Cramer was Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment for the Labour Party from February 2007 – February 2010. Besides being university professor since 1990 her background is primarily related to industry and business - working as a consultant for many years with more than 150 companies on the implementation of sustainable entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility.
She was, and still is, a member of various international and national advisory boards of government, industry and non-profit organizations. For instance she was a Crown Member of the Dutch Social-Economic Council, a Member of the Advisory Board of the World Wide Fund for Nature (Netherlands), and a member of the non-executive board of Shell Netherlands, ASN Bank and Finance for Development Bank. She is presently among others Chairman of the Plastic Soup Foundation and the ESCo (Energy Service Companies) Netherlands network.