The overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention in cyberspace cause the two nuclear superpowers to stumble into war? In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations’ “blurring of the line between peace and war.” Or, as Nye wrote, “in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer program’s user.”
When does the U.S. conduct its foreign military interventions unilaterally and when does it do so multilaterally? What explains the variation in U.S. cooperation behavior in the post–Cold War empirical record? Does unipolarity "select for" unilateralism or do other factors better explain U.S. choices between unilateralism and multilateralism?
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