Toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) chemicals such as chlorine gas and anhydrous ammonia are among the most dangerous of hazardous materials. Rail transportation of TIH creates risk that is not adequately reflected in the costs, creating a TIH safety and security externality. This paper describes and evaluates policy alternatives that might effectively mitigate the dangers of TIH transportation by rail. After describing the nature of TIH risk and defining the TIH externality, general policy approaches to externalities from other arenas are examined. Potential risk reduction strategies and approaches for each segment of the supply chain are reviewed. The paper concludes by summarizing policy options and assessing some of the most promising means to reduce the risks of transportation of toxic inhalation hazards. Four policy approaches are recommended: internalizing external costs through creation of a fund for liability and claims, improving supply chain operations, enhancing emergency response and focusing regulatory authority. It is further suggested that the Department of Transportation convene a discussion among stakeholder representatives to evaluate policy alternatives.

Seeds of Disaster, Roots of Response ... describes effective and sustainable approaches — both business strategies and public policies — to ensure provision of critical services in the event of disaster.

THE UNITED STATES is losing its competitive advantage and may soon lose its innovative edge....

The participants...were largely optimistic that provided market forces could be brought to bear on the issue of critical information infrastructure protection, many of today’s challenges could be alleviated.

The US government sometimes funds research in private companies. But there has been disagreement about the type of research that should receive public money. A consensus may be beginning to emerge.

This conference explores ones of the several paths to development, a path in which scientific institutions play a significant role. In order to gain some insight into the importance of science in the development process, whether in highly industrialized societies or in those that are still struggling, it may be useful to explore some examples. Let us begin with two technical giants: the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

This 1992 book offers a critical reappraisal of traditional relationships between the military and industry.