Executive Summary

Harnessing of energy for human and economic development has had a great impact on Earth systems and the environment, particularly on global biochemical cycles, as the global demand for energy has grown enormously over the last century. Energy technology innovation is the key to driving the technological changes that are necessary to meet the challenge of mitigating energy-related greenhouse gas emissions to avoid ‘dangerous climate change.’ Success in innovation requires the enhancement of public investment in the innovation process, the creation of markets for low-carbon technologies through stronger climate policies, and a continued focus on energy access and equity.