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Summary
In post-conflict societies, divisions can emerge between returnee and nonmigrant groups, which can in turn lead to violence and destabilization when government institutions favor one group over another. After the 1993–2005 civil war in Burundi, competing group identities formed among those who stayed in the country and among the different waves of those who fled. When refugees were repatriated, land competition became a source of violence.
Stephanie Schwartz, “Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi,” International Security, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Fall 2019), pp. 110–145, doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00362.