When Are Arms Races Dangerous? Rational versus Suboptimal Arming

What causes arms races? Do arms races necessarily lead to war? Charles Glaser of the University of Chicago distinguishes between two kinds of arms races: those that are dangerous and those that are not. He offers a new perspective for assessing the consequences of arms buildups by posing a different question: Is an arms buildup the best way for a state to achieve security and to protect other vital interests? If a state’s international security environment requires an arms buildup, then arming, as well as the war the buildup might provoke, is the state’s best policy option. If, however, the state’s decision to engage in a buildup is poorly matched to its security environment, the buildup and any ensuing arms race will reduce the state’s security. It is these dangerous suboptimal races, asserts Glaser, that make war unnecessarily likely.