Explainer
from Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

Climate Change Impacts Health: Six Things You Should Know

Demonstrators advocate for the 1.5 degree warming goal to survive at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit, Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2022, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.
Demonstrators advocate for the 1.5 degree warming goal to survive at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit, Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2022, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.

The warming climate doesn’t only melt ice caps and bleach coral reefs but also puts your health at risk. Climate change is no longer a far-removed issue, able to be cast off as a problem “of tomorrow.” Climate change alters health both through long-term stressors, such as air pollution1 and vector-borne diseases2, and through acute events, such as heat waves3 and hurricanes.4 These long and short term elements collectively influence public health around the world.  Climate change has health consequences from the scale of entire populations all the way down to the level of your cells.5 Here are six things that are sometimes forgotten regarding climate and health: 

 

Climate change is associated with infectious disease spread

As temperatures rise, disease vectors like mosquitoes and ticks move northward into newly habitable terrain.2,6,7 This means that diseases that were previously only endemic to the tropics are expanding to new areas. The spread of Legionella in New York8–10 and the northward movement of Valley fever in California11–13 are examples of how the landscape of infectious disease spread is changing.7,14

 

Climate change results in poorer air quality

With drier and hotter summers, wildfires are increasing in prevalence and intensity.15–17 Due to the extensive amount of smoke produced, the impact of wildfires reaches beyond the areas destroyed by flames.18 The smoke becomes even more polluting when wildfires consume our built environment in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). WUI fire smoke causes acute air pollution events in places far removed from the actual fires, such as the June 2023 orange haze in New York, as well as long periods of bad air quality elsewhere, such as California during recent summers. Wildfire air pollution has been linked not only to respiratory issues but also to cardiovascular, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, and skin disorders.19–27The specific components of smoke, including particulates and toxic gasses, contribute to both immediate and sustained health challenges.

 

Climate change worsens heat-related diseases

Heat waves are becoming more frequent and intense.3,28 Thus, experts indicate that climate change will increase the number of fatalities due to heat-related incidents.29–31 In addition to the heightened death toll, heat waves pose neurological, pulmonary, metabolic, and renal risks.32,33  With stressed electrical systems during high-temperature days, the stability of cooling systems decreases which leads to more power outages and further exacerbates vulnerabilities to heat.34  

 

Climate change disrupts healthcare delivery

Climate change intensifies hurricanes, which, in turn, stress health systems.4 Storms of this nature cause injuries directly through trauma from water and wind, and indirectly by overwhelming hospitals with patient surges.4,35,36 In extreme weather situations that cause power outages or the need to evacuate, those that require electricity-powered medical devices must seek care outside of the home. The influx of patients often results in overextended health systems and delays in care.37–39

 

Climate change hurts mental health

Climate factors, both physical and psychological, take a toll on mental health. Climate-related exposures, such as to wildfire, drought, floods, humidity, and heat, are associated with psychological distress, increased mortality among those with pre-existing mental health conditions, higher rates of psychiatric hospitalizations, and increased suicide rates.40Climate change also exacerbates psychological stressors by contributing to job insecurity, forced displacement, resource insecurity, and decreased community identity, among other social vulnerabilities.40,41 A majority of U.S. adults (68%) have reported feeling at least some climate-related anxiety.42

 

Climate change threatens proper nutrition

Elevated CO2 concentrations reduce the nutritional content of some essential foods like grains and legumes, which show lower levels of zinc and iron.43–45 Additionally, unstable weather conditions decrease food security, making nutritious food more expensive and less accessible. 44,46,47 These factors contribute to malnutrition, including both obesity and undernutrition, as well as diet-related non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.43

 

Taking Action:

While these health impacts may seem discouraging, it’s possible to mitigate and prepare for the damages through actionable steps. Start by educating yourself about the risks specific to your locality and taking preventative measures. Reduce your carbon footprint and support policies that address climate change. Engage with local climate initiatives or educational programs to foster a community that is aware of and resilient to these changes. Climate change connects all of us and it will take our collective action to address its consequences.

Recommended citation

Madad, Syra, Sarah Brown, Komal Bajaj and Birgitte Messerschmidt. “Climate Change Impacts Health: Six Things You Should Know.” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, July 23, 2024

Footnotes
  1. US EPA. Climate Change Impacts on Air Quality. Published October 19, 2022. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-impacts-air-quality
  2. Rocklöv J, Dubrow R. Climate change: an enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control. Nat Immunol. 2020;21(5):479-483. doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0648-y
  3. US EPA. Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves. Published February 4, 2021. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves
  4. Knutson T. Global Warming and Hurricanes. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/
  5. US EPA. Climate Change and Human Health. Published March 20, 2022. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-and-human-health
  6. Ainsworth C. Tropical diseases move north. Nature. Published online November 9, 2023. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03476-7
  7. Mora C, McKenzie T, Gaw IM, et al. Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2022;12(9):869-875. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01426-1
  8. Moffa MA, Rock C, Galiatsatos P, Gamage SD, Schwab KJ, Exum NG. Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States. Epidemiol Infect. 2023;151:e133. doi:10.1017/S0950268823001206
  9. Han XY. Effects of climate changes and road exposure on the rapidly rising legionellosis incidence rates in the United States. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250364. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250364

10.  Legionellosis (Legionella) | Tompkins County NY. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/health/legionellosis

11.  Valley Fever Basics. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/ValleyFeverBasics.aspx#drought

12.  Monserrat L. Valley fever. OEHHA. Published May 13, 2022. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://oehha.ca.gov/climate-change/epic-2022/impacts-human-health/valley-fever

13.  American Lung Association. How Climate Change Has Led to an Increase in Valley Fever. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.lung.org/blog/how-climate-change-has-led-to-an-increase-in-valle

14.  Climate and infectious diseases | What We Do | NCEZID | CDC. Published February 16, 2024. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/what-we-do/climate-change-and-infectious-diseases/index.html

15.  Wildfire climate connection | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.noaa.gov/noaa-wildfire/wildfire-climate-connection

16.  Jolly WM, Cochrane MA, Freeborn PH, et al. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):7537. doi:10.1038/ncomms8537

17.  Abatzoglou JT, Williams AP. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016;113(42):11770-11775. doi:10.1073/pnas.1607171113

18.  Messerschmidt B. The Smoke Problem. Accessed June 4, 2024. https://www.nfpa.org/news-blogs-and-articles/nfpa-journal/2024/02/13/research-column-spring-24

19.  Aguilera R, Corringham T, Gershunov A, Benmarhnia T. Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1493. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21708-0

20.  Kondo MC, De Roos AJ, White LS, et al. Meta-Analysis of Heterogeneity in the Effects of Wildfire Smoke Exposure on Respiratory Health in North America. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(6):960. doi:10.3390/ijerph16060960

21.  Thurston G, Yu W, Luglio D. An Evaluation of the Asthma Impact of the June 2023 New York City Wildfire Air Pollution Episode. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208(8):898-900. doi:10.1164/rccm.202306-1073LE

22.  Jones CG, Rappold AG, Vargo J, et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Wildfire-Related Particulate Matter During 2015-2017 California Wildfires. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(8):e014125. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.014125

23.  Eisenman DP, Galway LP. The mental health and well-being effects of wildfire smoke: a scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2274. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14662-z

24.  D’Evelyn SM, Jung J, Alvarado E, et al. Wildfire, Smoke Exposure, Human Health, and Environmental Justice Need to be Integrated into Forest Restoration and Management. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2022;9(3):366-385. doi:10.1007/s40572-022-00355-7

25.  Li J, He C, Ying J, et al. Air pollutants, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of incident gastrointestinal diseases: A large prospective cohort study. Environ Res. 2024;247:118182. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118182

26.  Roberts W. Air pollution and skin disorders. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020;7(1):91-97. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.11.001

27.  Verhoeven JI, Allach Y, Vaartjes ICH, Klijn CJM, Leeuw FE de. Ambient air pollution and the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2021;5(8):e542-e552. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00145-5

28.  Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Lewis SC. Increasing trends in regional heatwaves. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3357. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16970-7

29.  Lüthi S, Fairless C, Fischer EM, et al. Rapid increase in the risk of heat-related mortality. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):4894. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40599-x

30.  Climate Change and Health: Extreme Heat. Published March 12, 2024. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.nrdc.org/resources/climate-change-and-health-extreme-heat

31.  Extreme heat projected to increase cardiovascular deaths. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published October 27, 2023. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/extreme-heat-projected-increase-cardiovascular-deaths

32.  Temperature Extremes | CDC. Published September 9, 2022. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/temperature_extremes.htm

33.  Temperature-related Death and Illness. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/climatechange/health_impacts/heat

34.  Stone BJr, Gronlund CJ, Mallen E, et al. How Blackouts during Heat Waves Amplify Mortality and Morbidity Risk. Environ Sci Technol. 2023;57(22):8245-8255. doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c09588

35.  Laboratory BAC Ph D, NASA’s Jet Propulsion. A Force of Nature: Hurricanes in a Changing Climate. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3184/a-force-of-nature-hurricanes-in-a-changing-climate

36.  How climate change makes hurricanes more destructive - Environmental Defense Fund. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.edf.org/climate/how-climate-change-makes-hurricanes-more-destructive

37.  Tarabochia-Gast AT, Michanowicz DR, Bernstein AS. Flood Risk to Hospitals on the United States Atlantic and Gulf Coasts From Hurricanes and Sea Level Rise. GeoHealth. 2022;6(10):e2022GH000651. doi:10.1029/2022GH000651

38.  The surge after the storm: the impact of Hurricane Sandy on hospitals in New York City | PreventionWeb. Published February 6, 2018. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/surge-after-storm-impact-hurricane-sandy-hospitals-new-york-city

39.  Hundreds of Hospitals on Atlantic and Gulf Coasts at Risk of Flooding from Hurricanes. C-CHANGE | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Published September 29, 2022. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/news/hundreds-of-hospitals-on-atlantic-and-gulf-coasts-at-risk-from-hurricanes/

40.  Charlson F, Ali S, Benmarhnia T, et al. Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(9):4486. doi:10.3390/ijerph18094486

41.  Hough E, Counts N. How Climate Change Affects Our Mental Health, and What We Can Do About It. doi:10.26099/rk6r-ne98

42.  Majority of US adults believe climate change is most important issue today. https://www.apa.org. Accessed May 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/02/climate-change

43.  Fanzo JC, Downs SM. Climate change and nutrition-associated diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):1-2. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00329-3

44.  Owino V, Kumwenda C, Ekesa B, et al. The impact of climate change on food systems, diet quality, nutrition, and health outcomes: A narrative review. Front Clim. 2022;4. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.941842

45.  Climate Change & Nutrition. C-CHANGE | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Published January 7, 2019. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/subtopics/climate-change-nutrition/

46.  Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System | USDA. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.usda.gov/oce/energy-and-environment/food-security

47.  Climate Explainer: Food Security and Climate Change. World Bank. Accessed March 29, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/10/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-food-security-and-climate-change

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Sarah Brown

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Komal Bajaj

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Birgitte Messerschmidt

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