Reports & Papers
BCSIA: 1999-2000 ANNUAL REPORT
5. Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program (STPP)
Members
Core Faculty And Staff
John P. Holdren, Program Director and Faculty Chair; Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy
Matthew Bunn, Assistant Program Director
Deborah Hurley, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project Director
Sheila Jasanoff, Professor of Science and Policy
Jennifer Weeks, Managing the Atom Project Director
Lewis M. Branscomb, Director Emeritus; Aetna Professor of Public Policy and Corporate Management, Emeritus
Harvey Brooks, Director Emeritus; Benjamin Pierce Professor of Technology and Public Policy, Emeritus
Jean Camp, Assistant Professor of Public Policy
Ashton B. Carter, Ford Foundation Professor of Science and International Affairs
William Clark, Harvey Brooks Professor of International Science, Public Policy, and Human Development
Paul Doty, Director Emeritus, BCSIA, Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry, Emeritus
Jane Fountain, Associate Professor of Public Policy
Alexander Fox, Managing the Atom Project Research Assistant
David M. Hart, Associate Professor of Public Policy
Henry Lee, Lecturer in Public Policy, Director, Environment and Natural Resources Program
Beth Mathisen, Information Infrastructure Project Staff Assistant and Assistant to Professors Lewis Branscomb and Harvey Brooks
Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Assistant Professor of Public Policy
Steven E. Miller, Lecturer in Public Policy, Director, International Security Program
Laure Mougeot, Managing the Atom Project Research Associate
Nora O''Neil, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project Coordinator
Sabine Pust, Assistant to Dorothy Zinberg and David Hart
F. Michael Scherer, Roy E. Larsen Professor of Public Policy and Management
Peter Sedlak, Assistant to Professor Sheila Jasanoff
Laura Wilson, Program Assistant and Assistant to John Holdren
Dorothy S. Zinberg, Lecturer in Public Policy
Associates and Visitors
Robert Frosch, Senior Research Associate
Mary Graham, Associate, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Calestous Juma, Senior Research Associate
Lee Litman, Visiting Scholar, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Edwin Ruh, Jr., Associate, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Research Fellows
Samina Ahmed, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Philip Auerswald, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing Technical Risk Project
Colin Bennett, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Nolan Bowie, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Arthur Daemmrich, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Legal, Political, and Cultural Studies of Science and Technology
Darryl Farber, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Evan Feigenbaum, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Therese Feng, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Project
Marybeth Long, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Legal, Political, and Cultural Studies of Science and Technology
Allison Macfarlane, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Robert Margolis, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Project
Christopher Marsden, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
James Moor, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Dianne Northfield, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
John Sang-Hyoung Park, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Shobita Parthasarathy, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Legal, Political, and Cultural Studies of Science and Technology
Fabrizio Perretti, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
Jennifer Reardon, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Legal, Political, and Cultural Studies of Science and Technology
Ambuj Sagar, Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Project
Jessie Saul, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, Legal, Political, and Cultural Studies of Science and Technology
James Short, Fellow, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
James Walsh, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Tao Wenzhao, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Science, Technology and Public Policy Program
Hui Zhang, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Managing the Atom Project
Background
The Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program (STPP) focuses on the interactions of science and technology with public policy institutions and decision making. Specifically, STPP seeks to address the following three questions: First, how do these interactions work? Second, how do they affect the mix of societal benefits, costs, and risks associated with science and technology? Third, how can the interactions be improved in ways to increase the benefits and reduce the costs and risks?
Like the other research programs at the Belfer Center, STPP is strongly interdisciplinary, drawing on perspectives and methods from the natural sciences, engineering, political science, economics, management, and law to study problems where science, technology, and policy intersect. Current focuses of STPP research, policy outreach, and teaching include: the future of civilian and military nuclear activities and public participation in decision making about them; energy research, development, demonstration, and deployment to meet the challenge of human-induced climatic disruption; the expanding global information infrastructure; science and technology policy to promote the innovation needed for competitiveness, sustainability, and security; the processes by which science and technology policy decisions are made; and the impact of science and technology on society as a whole, along with the role of democratic governance in shaping that impact.
The 1999-2000 academic year was a time of continued success in explicating key science and technology policy issues and in shaping a variety of policy debates, from climate change to management of nuclear materials. STPP and its participants continued to earn widespread recognition for their work: for example, STPP Director and Faculty Chair John Holdren, who continued to serve on the President''s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), was awarded the 2000 Tyler Prize (among the world''s most prestigious environmental awards), the 1999 Kaul Foundation Award for Excellence in Science and Environmental Policy, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (having previously been elected to the National Academy of Sciences). STPP Director Emeritus Lew Branscomb was elected a Councilor of the National Academy of Sciences and a Director of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, received two honorary doctorates, and was appointed Harvie Branscomb Distinguished Visiting Professor at Vanderbilt University. Professor Sheila Jasanoff served as the elected President of the Society for Social Studies of Science, completed her term as a Director of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was appointed to the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Law, Technology, and Society. HIIP Director Deborah Hurley was appointed to a three-year term (2000-2003) as a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Advisory Committee on International Science. Associate Professor Jane Fountain was appointed to the Research Advisory Board of the Internet Policy Institute, Washington, D.C. Nolan Bowie, HIIP Fellow, was appointed to the Board of Advisors to the National Advertising Council, Inc., in New York City, and to the Board of the National Center for Adult Literacy in Philadelphia. It was also a year of transition for STPP, as Professor FM Scherer shifted to emeritus status.
Research Agenda And Policy Outreach
STPP''s focus for the 1999-2000 academic year was on the following program areas:
I. Harvard Information Infrastructure ProjectII. Energy Technology And Innovations Project III. Managing The Atom Project IV. Science And Technology Policy For Competitiveness, Sustainability, And Security V. Science And Technology Policy Processes VI. Legal, Political, And Cultural Studies Of Science And Technology VII. Continued Commitment To Teaching
These program areas are described in detail below.
I.Harvard Information Infrastructure Project
As the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project (HIIP) celebrates its eleventh year, revolutionary developments in information and communication technologies constitute a decisive global phenomenon. The burgeoning, ubiquitous information environment will have profound effects on economics, business, politics, and society. Established in 1989, the HIIP brings together insights and capabilities from throughout Harvard University and around the world, including the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA) and the Center for Business and Government (CBG) at the John F. Kennedy School of Government.
The HIIP has spent the past decade laying the foundations and identifying the relevant questions of information policy around the globe. The HIIP has provided a neutral, interdisciplinary forum for addressing a wide range of emerging policy issues relating to information infrastructure, its development, use, and growth. The HIIP has significant experience in advising and assisting private sector organizations, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and academics in the development and analysis of policies related to information technology and policy.
In 1999-2000, the HIIP continued to focus on its goal of outreach, strengthening and broadening its local ties to the Kennedy School, Harvard, and Boston-area IT business and its global links to the international IT community. The HIIP Research Fellows Program and the HIIP seminars are two key components of these efforts.
HIIP Research Fellows Program
The HIIP launched a Fellows Program in 1997, which has proved very successful. It continues to attract scholars, practitioners, and senior government officials at the leading edge of information infrastructure research and policy development. The HIIP Fellows Program was designed to encourage participation from a wide variety of nations, disciplinary backgrounds, and seniority levels. The 1999-2000 HIIP Research Fellows were: Colin J. Bennett, Associate Professor, University of Victoria, Canada; Nolan A. Bowie, Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy and Fellow, Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; Christopher T. Marsden, Lecturer in European Law, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; James Moor, Professor of Philosophy, Dartmouth College; Dianne Northfield, Research Fellow, Centre for International Research on Information and Communication Technologies (CIRCIT), Australia; Fabrizio Perretti, Assistant Professor, Bocconi University and SDA-Bocconi, Italy; and James Short, Associate Professor of Strategy and Information Management, London Business School, United Kingdom, and Visiting Associate Professor, Sloan School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Edwin Ruh, Jr., Founder and President of Adventure Assets, and Mary Graham, Fellow, Taubman Center for State and Local Government, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, were Associates of the HIIP. Lee Litman, Head, Organisation and Development Unit, National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS), United Kingdom, visiting on a Fulbright grant, joined the HIIP as a Visiting Scholar.
Building on the foundation established during the first three years of the Fellows Program, the HIIP has accepted, for the 2000-2001 academic year, five practitioners and scholars from Canada, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United States.HIIP Seminars
The several HIIP seminars provide a source of input and dissemination for leading research and an excellent opportunity to bring current information policy developments and implementation to the attention of scholars, companies, and policymakers.
The HIIP and STPP continued the Lewis M. Branscomb Lecture Series, established in 1999 in honor of Dr. Lewis M. Branscomb and in recognition of his many accomplishments and contributions to the field of science and technology. The Branscomb Lectures are held once each semester and feature senior academics and practitioners. Dr. Gerald Holton delivered the lecture, "Coupling Science and the National Interest," on March 16, 2000. Dr. Holton is Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Professor of the History of Science, Emeritus, at Harvard University. Dr. Holton''s lecture examined the historical tensions between applied and basic approaches to scientific research, explored a third "Jeffersonian" option, and touched on other topics relevant to the science policy debate.
Each year, the HIIP selects a country for special focus on its information infrastructure policies. In 2000, the HIIP selected the United Kingdom as the subject of consideration. On March 15, the HIIP sponsored a presentation on "The United Kingdom''s Strategy for E-Commerce" by Ms. Patricia Hewitt, in cooperation with the British Consulate-General in Boston. Ms. Hewitt is the United Kingdom''s first Minister for Small Business and E-Commerce, or e-Minister. She described how the United Kingdom is setting out the current environment for e-business and the government''s strategy to stimulate it further - building competitive markets and leading-edge electronic government.
The HIIP Seminar recommenced for the 1999-2000 academic year, with a presentation by Lee Litman, HIIP Visiting Scholar, on the topic of "Slipping through the Net - Criminal Opportunities on the Information Highway." The spring semester opened with a presentation by Philip Evans, Senior Vice President, The Boston Consulting Group, on "Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy." Other speakers included Wolfgang Ruttenstorfer, Secretary of State for Economics, Austria; David Brown, CEO, Motorola, Ltd., United Kingdom; Daniel Nolle, U.S. Department of the Treasury; David Kahn, Author of The Codebreakers; William Mitchell, Dean, MIT School of Architecture; Michael Maibach, Vice President, Government Affairs, Intel Corporation; Michael M. Roberts, President and Chief Executive Officer, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN); Ingrid Volkmer, Professor of Media Studies and Research, University of Augsburg, Germany; Dr. Carlos Alberto Primo Braga, Program Manager, infoDev, Global Information and Communication Technologies Department, The World Bank; John R. Copple, Chief Executive Officer, Space Imaging; Kennedy School faculty member Viktor Mayer-Schönberger; Kennedy School Research Fellow Gernot Brodnig; and HIIP Fellows Colin Bennett, Christopher Marsden, James Moor, Dianne Northfield, Fabrizio Perretti, and James Short and HIIP Associate Mary Graham.
The HIIP also created in 1997 and organizes the Harvard University Faculty Seminar on Information Policy, which is chaired by Kennedy School Dean Joseph S. Nye, Jr. During the first two years, the theme of the faculty seminar was Information Infrastructure and Governance. The focus shifted in 1999-2000 to Information Policy and the Asia-Pacific Region and offered the opportunity to enlist the co-sponsorship of the Asia Center, Harvard University. The seminar is intended to increase cooperation and multidisciplinary activity throughout Harvard and to create networks among faculty interested in information policy issues. Faculty throughout the university have participated in the seminar and brought their expertise to bear on the interplay of information infrastructure and governance, the manner in which their fields will affect or be affected by this dynamic, and the relationships of their domains to others, both those with which they have traditionally shared borders and those with which now, due to information technology advances, they have begun or will soon begin to overlap or to share common boundaries. Presentations were given by Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Dean, John F. Kennedy School of Government; Tony Saich, Daewoo Professor of International Affairs and Faculty Chair of the Nina Kung China Initiative, John F. Kennedy School of Government; Kate Hartford, Professor of Political Science, University of Massachusetts, and Associate in Research, The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research, Harvard University; Ezra Vogel, Henry Ford Professor of the Social Sciences, Harvard University; and H. T. Kung, William H. Gates Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Harvard University.Research Activities, Conferences, And PublicationsUnder the energetic leadership of its Director, Deborah Hurley, HIIP has continued to grow and take on increasingly challenging - and crucial - information issues, with an accelerating pace of seminars, conferences, publications, and teaching. Please refer to page 132 for details of HIIP members'' teaching activities.
The Internet Political Economy Forum (IPEF) was founded in September 1999 by the University of Washington, Cambridge University, and National University of Singapore, Stanford University, and HIIP. The IPEF will explore the impact of the Internet on global politics, economics and culture and will serve as a venue for pursuing future collaborative research projects, conferences, publications and faculty exchanges. An inaugural conference, the Internet and Global Political Economy Forum, was held at the University of Washington on September 23-24, 1999.The Jeddah IT Forum on E-Commerce, organized by the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project, was held on October 2-3, 1999, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The Harvard delegation included HIIP members Lewis Branscomb, Jane Fountain, Deborah Hurley, Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Stephen Feinson, and Nora O''Neil, together with Professors Richard Falkenrath and F. M. Scherer. The proceedings of the event were published in December 1999 as The Jeddah IT Forum on E-Commerce: Report of a Conference Held October 2-3, 1999, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Among the benefits emerging from this forum was a proposal by the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JCCI) and the Jeddah International Exhibition and Convention Centre requesting that the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project assist the JCCI IT Committee in creating an IT vision for developing Jeddah into a regional IT center. In addition, the HIIP is evaluating additional proposals to organize similar meetings in other nations.
The First All-Member Meeting of the Governance in the Digital Economy program was held on October 27-28, 1999, at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This meeting was co-sponsored by the Alliance for Converging Technology, the HIIP, and the Program for Strategic Computing and Telecommunications in the Public Sector.
Bill Joy, Cofounder and Chief Scientist, Sun Microsystems, delivered the public address, "The Internet, Genetic Engineering, and Robotics: Are Humans an Endangered Species?" at a Forum event on May 4, 2000, co-sponsored by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the Science and Technology Working Group, and the Institute of Politics Student Advisory Committee. The HIIP held the Conference on the Internet & Governance on May 30, 2000, at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. This conference focused on the impact of the Internet on governance, civic participation, autonomy, and the rights, responsibilities, roles and relationships of the stakeholders in the global Internet. The global reach, scale, and scope of the Internet present unprecedented policy challenges to decision-makers. The development and use of information and communication technologies and the onrushing convergence of media and content into digital format shift the roles and relationships of governments, business, international organizations, citizens, individuals, and the great variety of non-state actors, such as non-governmental organizations, ethnic and religious groups, and terrorists . The Conference on the Internet and Governance was a companion event to the Third International Harvard Conference on Internet and Society, which was held at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 31-June 2, 2000. Deborah Hurley moderated a plenary panel on "The Growth and Evolution of the Internet," with Tim Berners-Lee, Esther Dyson, and Pattie Maes. HIIP Fellow Nolan Bowie moderated a panel on "The Digital Divide," featuring Arthur Navarro, Kenneth Granderson, Anita Brown, Mary McCain, Donna Hoffman, and Jorge Reina Schement.In August 2000, the HIIP announced the publication of Internet Publishing and Beyond: The Economics of Digital Information and Intellectual Property, edited by former HIIP Director Brian Kahin and Hal R. Varian and published by MIT Press. The rapid growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web is transforming the way information is accessed and used. New models for distributing, sharing, linking, and marketing information are appearing. This volume examines emerging economic and business models for global publishing and information access, as well as the attendant transformation of international information markets, institutions, and businesses. It provides those in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors with a practical framework for dealing with the new information markets. Topics addressed include the effects of various technological factors and market environments on pricing; the relationship among classic production costs, transaction costs, and the economic value of intellectual property; the effects of different pricing practices for telecommunications and Internet services on the pricing of information; the bundling and unbundling of information services; changing cost structures and the allocation of rights among authors, publishers, and other intermediaries; the effects of markets for complementary products and services, including advertising, on the pricing and use of information; and policy implications of different pricing models.
The First 100 Feet: Options for Internet and Broadband Access, edited by Deborah Hurley and former HIIP Associate Director James Keller (MIT Press, 1999), went into its second printing in summer 2000. The book is the result of an HIIP conference that focused on how best to connect homes and small businesses to the Internet. The volume, Masters of the Wired World, edited by Anne Leer (Financial Times Pitman Publishing, 1999), containing the chapter, "Security and Privacy: The Showstoppers of the Global Information Society," by Deborah Hurley, also went into its second printing.
Members'' Activities
In addition to the activities detailed above, HIIP staff, faculty, fellows, and associates took part in a number of outside initiatives related to HIIP''s core research and members'' individual research agendas in 1999-2000.
Colin J. Bennett has taught, since 1986, in the Department of Political Science at the University of Victoria, in British Columbia, Canada, where he is now Associate Professor. His research interests have focused on the comparative analysis of information privacy protection policies at the domestic and international levels. He is co-editor of Visions of Privacy: Policy Choices for the Digital Age (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). He is also the co-author of a recent report for the European Commission on the methodology for assessing the adequacy of the level of privacy protection under Article 25 of the European Union''s Data Protection Directive. During his time at the HIIP, he progressed substantially toward completion of the book, "Private Information and Public Policy."
Nolan Bowie is a Research Fellow and Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard''s Kennedy School of Government. He is affiliated with both the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project (HIIP) and the Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. In December 1999, HIIP Fellow Nolan Bowie presented a paper at the conference on the Lifelong Learning and New Technologies Gap: Reaching the Disadvantaged, hosted by the University of Pennsylvania and cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Education''s Office of Vocational and Adult Education, UNESCO, and IBM Corporation.
In May 2000, Mr. Bowie spent four days in Washington, D.C. serving on an evaluation panel reviewing grant proposals submitted to the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunication and Information Administration for funding under their Technology Opportunities Program (TOP). In addition, he participated in a Board of Directors meeting of Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting (CIPB). Mr. Bowie participated in two, two-day panel discussions in Washington, D.C., which were held at the National Research Council headquarters in May. The topics of these two research policy meetings were "Exploring the Digital Divide: Charting the Terrain of Technology Access and Opportunity," and "Exploring the Digital Divide: Digital Democracy and Community." In June 2000, Bowie was the moderator of a public policy research panel discussion on "The Transition of Public Broadcasting into the Digital Age," at a conference on public broadcasting held at the University of Maine. In July, he completed a short a paper for the Benton Foundation, "An E-Public Sphere for the Digital Age: What Needs to be Done to Enhance Democratic Values and Engage Greater Civic Participation in the United States."
Lewis M. Branscomb is emeritus Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, and is Aetna Professor, emeritus, in Public Policy and Corporate Management. He is Principal Investigator of a number of projects in the fields of information technology policy and both domestic and international science and technology policy, more generally. Professor Branscomb was a session organizer for the conference, Information Environment and International Cooperation for the 21st Century: Realizing a Global Information Society, and a discussant for the roundtable, Realizing a Global Information Society, in Tokyo, Japan, on March 6-8, 2000. Professor Branscomb also delivered the lecture, "Living in the Dot-Com World: Who Makes the Rules?" at Vanderbilt University, in Nashville, Tennessee, on March 21, 2000.
Jane E. Fountain is Associate Professor of Public Policy at Harvard''s John F. Kennedy School of Government. She is affiliated with the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the Center for Business and Government, the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project, the Women and Public Policy Program and the university-wide faculty in Organizational Behavior. Professor Fountain has been selected to be a Radcliffe Public Policy Fellow for 1999-2000 academic year. Her research explores the interrelation between information technology and governance. She is the Director of the Women in the Information Age Project.
In August 1999, Jane Fountain presented a five-session module on the implications of the Internet for governance during the executive program, Senior Managers in Government, which is open to senior executives at the federal level.
Professor Fountain presented the paper, "Constructing the Information Society: The University, Gender, and Technology," at the conference, Re-Organizing Knowledge: Transforming Institutions: Knowing, Knowledge and the University in the 21st Century, at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, on September 17-19, 1999. In November 1999, she presented two papers, "The Administrative State in Transition: An Examination of Managerial Behavior in Slovenia" and "A Note on the Critical Incident Technique," at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Public Policy and Management, held in Washington, D.C.
Professor Fountain was a panelist during the session, "Women Shaping the Future through Technology and Innovation," at the annual conference of the National Council for Research on Women held at the United Nations, New York, on December 9-11, 1999. She also delivered the keynote address, "Constructing the Information Age: Women and Information Technology," at the Women''s Studies and Information Technology: Model Projects Conference at the University of Rhode Island on January 28, 2000.
Mary Graham is an Affiliate of the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project. Ms. Graham is a lawyer and writer, and the author of The Morning After Earth Day, a Governance Institute/Brookings book on U.S. environmental policy published in May, 1999. She was also the recipient of funding from the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars to conduct a conference on emerging issues in environmental policy on September 30, 1999, including the issue of information disclosure as a means of regulation. Graham is a Fellow of the Governance Institute and of Harvard''s Kennedy School of Government with broad experience as an analyst of regulatory policies. She received a grant from the Smith Richardson foundation to support her research for a book on information as regulation. In April 2000, the Atlantic Monthly featured her article, Regulation by Shaming," which attempts to introduce to a broader audience issues related to information disclosure as an instrument of social policy and examines electronic disclosure as a regulatory tool.
Deborah Hurley is Director of the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project within the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program. She is also the Executive Director of Terra Nova, a global public interest policy center for advanced technologies. She is a member of the Advisory Committee to the U.S. State Department on International Communications and Information Policy and of the Advisory Board of the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC).
In a global search, Deborah Hurley was selected as one of seven finalists in the Policy category of the inaugural World Technology Awards, which were hosted by the World Technology Network (WTN) of London, in association with The Economist magazine and sponsored by Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The World Technology Awards were created by WTN to honor those innovators whose work is of the greatest likely long-term significance for the benefit of business and society. A panel of judges including educators, members of the media and industry experts nominated and selected winners for each of the 20 categories in the World Technology Awards. Case study information and artifacts from each of the finalists - an extraordinary snapshot of the various technological revolutions in progress - is being submitted to the National Museum of Science & Industry in London for inclusion in its archives.
A training session on the theory and practice of public diplomacy for new U. S. foreign service officers was organized by the U.S. Information Agency and held in Washington, D.C., on August 4, 1999. At the request of USIA, Deborah Hurley gave a seminar on public diplomacy and information technology.
Deborah Hurley, taught the case, "Social Security on the Web: The Case of the
Online PEBES" at the Fourth Annual Executive Leadership Forum in Boston, September 1-2, 1999.
Deborah Hurley moderated the session on "Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology at the International Conference on Biotechnology in the Global Economy," organized by the Center for International Development, Harvard University, September 2-3, 1999.
The 21st International Conference on Privacy and Personal Data Protection was held in Hong Kong on September 13-15, 1999. Deborah Hurley spoke on "Telecommunications and Privacy," presenting her paper, "A Whole World in One Glance: Privacy as a Key Enabler of Individual Participation in Democratic Governance."
Deborah Hurley, HIIP Director, a panelist in the session, "Battling the Crypto Wars," held during the AAAS Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition, in Washington D.C., February 20, 2000, delivered a talk on "International Cryptography Policy." She was also a panelist in the symposium, "Developing Science Savvy at the Department of State," on February 21, 2000, where she spoke on "Information Technology and the Internet."Deborah Hurley was appointed Chair of CFP2001, the eleventh Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy, which will be held in Cambridge, Massachusetts from March 6-9, 2001.
Deborah Hurley spoke at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on June 5, 2000, on Privacy on the Internet. Deborah Hurley spoke on Government Information Policy at the Frye Leadership Institute, held at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia on June 8, 2000.
Deborah Hurley spoke about the "Technological Trajectory of the Net" at the Conference on Conservation in the Internet Age: Strategic Threats and Opportunities, which was held at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, June 15-16, 2000.
Deborah Hurley delivered the keynote address at the Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry (CEPE 2000) at Dartmouth College on July 14-16, 2000. HIIP Fellow James Moor organized the event and also presented the paper "The Concept of Privacy in Japan," (co-authored with Masahiko Mizutani and James Dorsey).
Lee Litman joined the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project as a Visiting Scholar from England, having been awarded one of two 1999 Fulbright Fellowships in Police Studies and Public Security Policy. He is Head of the Organisation and Development Unit at the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) in London, where his role includes responsibility for policy work, management of relationships with partner agencies, parliamentary affairs and development projects. His research project focused on strategic threat assessment of the likely impact of the forthcoming UK Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), based upon the US experience of FOIA.
Christopher T. Marsden is a Lecturer in European Law at the University of Warwick, in the United Kingdom, having previously researched and taught at the London School of Economics. His research interests are international communications convergence policy and competition law, and multinational investment in media and communications industries. He is founder and co-editor of the electronic International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, <</span>http://www.digital-law.net/IJCLP>, and served in 1999 as an expert consultant to the Council of Europe MM-S-PL Committee on digital media pluralism. Together with Campbell Cowie of the BBC, Marsden presented the paper, "A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Communications Regulation," at the Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (TPRC), Washington, D.C., and September 30, 1999. Marsden also moderated the session on Global Convergence at TELECOM 99, organized by the International Telecommunication Union and held in Geneva on October 10-17, 1999. In addition, he presented his final report as Expert Consultant to the Council of Europe Group of Specialists on Digital Media Pluralism (MM-P-SL) in Strasbourg, France, on October 27, 1999. The report analyzes the impact of digital pay-TV and Internet services on media pluralism across the 40 member states of the Council of Europe, with regard to the right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. He served in 1999 as an expert consultant to the Council of Europe MM-S-PL Committee on digital media pluralism. The report was published as MM-S-PL 1999-12 Final: "Pluralism in the Multi-channel Market: Suggestions for Regulatory Scrutiny." He is co-author of the March 2000 consultant''s report for the U.K. Economic and Social Research Council Globalisation Centre entitled "Information Technology and Globalisation to 2005."
Beth L. Mathisen is a Project Assistant for the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project, as well as Faculty Assistant to Professors Lewis Branscomb and Harvey Brooks. Ms. Mathisen graduated from Colgate University in Hamilton, New York with a B.A. in Political Science and English. She has studied and lived abroad in both Granada, Spain and London, England.
Viktor Mayer-Schönberger is Assistant Professor of Public Policy at Harvard''s Kennedy School of Government. Professor Mayer-Schönberger''s research focus in 1999-2000 continued to be information technology policy, ranging for the legal framework for e-commerce to overcoming the digital divide. He published a number of articles and three books, one on copyright for media archives (see below), one on the European Union Directive on Electronic Signatures, and one on the implementation of the European Union Directive on Data Protection.
In September 1999 he presented (together with Heinz Wittmann) his findings on copyright for media archives, a report on behalf of the Austrian Federation of Media and the Austrian Press Agency. Also in September, together with Kennedy School Research Fellow Dr. Gernot Brodnig, he presented "Bridging the Gap," a paper looking at the use of spatial information technologies for empowering indigenous communities, at the annual International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Conference on Information Processing in Asia (CITA ''99) in Malaysia - and won the award for best paper.
In October 1999, he gave a keynote address on the options for regulating cyberspace at the University of Innsbruck''s symposium on the regulation of information technology, together with Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT). The next month, he was a keynote speaker at the European Oracle Developers'' Conference in Vienna, Austria, outlining five strategies to succeed in e-commerce. In December, Mayer-Schönberger was voted "Person of the Year" for the State of Salzburg (roughly 300,000 inhabitants) by the two largest newspapers and members of the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation, based on both a public write-in campaign and a selection committee.
Mayer-Schönberger presented a paper attempting to broaden and restructure the available options for regulating cyberspace in a paper for Moore Symposium on International Law at the University of Virginia School of Law, elaborated further in a presentation at the annual meeting of the American Association of International Law in Washington, D.C., in April, 2000.
In May 2000, Mayer-Schönberger was among the commencement speakers at the University of Graz School of Law, together with former Austrian Finance Minister and high-tech billionaire Hannes Androsch and world-renowned Internet-guru Hermann Maurer. In his speech, entitled "Trial & Error," he examined the different cultures in Europe and the United States and how they have influenced the business and legal world. In June he was keynote speaker (with Nicolas Negroponte, MIT) at the European Conference of Civil Notaries in Vienna, Austria.
Together with Harvard College senior Jeff Cook, already famous for starting his own Internet firm, Mayer-Schönberger started an informal meeting of Harvard College dot.com entrepreneurs.
James Moor is Professor of Philosophy at Dartmouth College. He has written numerous articles on philosophy of artificial intelligence, philosophy of mind, and logic. He has written extensively on computer ethics for over twenty years, including publications on privacy, computer decision making, and the relationship of ethical theory to computing. His time at HIIP was spent largely on research for a book on Internet ethics. Professor Moor is currently chair of the American Philosophical Association Committee on Philosophy and Computing. He co-edited a book, The Digital Phoenix: How Computers Are Changing Philosophy, and was special editor of The Power of the Net, a special issue of Ethics and Information Technology. He organized the conference, Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry, at Dartmouth College, July 14-15, 2000, at which he also presented the paper, "The Concept of Privacy in Japan."
Dianne Northfield has been a Research Fellow at the Centre for International Research on Information and Communication Technologies (CIRCIT) in Australia since 1991. Dianne''s research has examined national approaches to communications policy, regulation and industry development. Key interests include examination of national competition policies, implications of different regulatory models and options for industry self-regulation, access and interconnection arrangements, and carrier privatization. As a Visiting Research Fellow with Harvard''s Program on Information Resources Policy (PIRP), she contributed to the volume The Information Policy Maze: Global Challenge-National Responses, which will be published in August 1999. She presented her work to the Nortel Networks Forum in Singapore, November 1, 1999, and to the Nortel Networks Global Carrier Accounts Program Customer Forum in Hong Kong, November 4, 1999. During the 1999 fall semester, she assisted Professor Anthony G. Oettinger in teaching the course, "The Information Age: Its Main Currents and Their Intermingling," at the Faculty of Arts and Science, Harvard University.
Nora O''Neil is Coordinator of the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project where her responsibilities include grant administration, conference organization, and publication management. Ms. O''Neil manages the HIIP Research Fellows Program.
Fabrizio Perretti has been on the faculty of Bocconi University, Italy and SDA-Bocconi (Bocconi Business School) since 1996, where he taught and did research in the Business Policy Department. His academic specializations are strategic management and international business strategies. His primary research interests are media economics, telecommunications and Internet economics, and the entertainment industry, with particular focus on broadcasting. In the Department of Economics at Harvard College, Dr. Perretti taught "Internet and Information Economics" in the spring 2000 semester.
Edwin Ruh, Jr. is an Affiliate of the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project. His primary research concerns include capital formation on the Internet and the secondary democratization effects on the four modalities: Market, Norms, Law/Regulation and Architecture/Code as they intersect the public, private and nonprofit sectors. Mr.Ruh is also founder and president of Adventure Assets www.adventas.com, formed to identify and develop premiere market opportunities in the sports, entertainment, recreation, leisure, hospitality, adventure and multimedia ("S&E") industries through a series of global sports and entertainment technology ("SET") venture capital equity funds. He spoke on Internet finance at the Digital Hollywood Conference in New York and on public venture capital at the New Business Messa II Conference at MITI in Japan. Mr. Ruh was also a panelist at the Asian Business Conference: Project Finance in Asia at Harvard Law School.
James Short is Associate Professor of Strategy and Information Management at London Business School, and founding director of the School''s i:Lab digital media research laboratory. Dr. Short''s current research and teaching interests are in market creation and growth strategies in new information businesses. In addition to being an HIIP Fellow during academic year 1999-2000, he is Visiting Associate Professor at the MIT Sloan School, on leave from LBS. Dr. Short published the article, "Facing Online: Navigating Technologies of Commerce and Change," in the Journal of Interactive Marketing in January 2000. In April, he led a seminar at the Kennedy School of Government on "eVenture Strategies" to discuss two important features of the emerging Internet economy: the methods new companies use to visualize business opportunities on the Internet and market entry and growth strategies for Internet start-ups (".coms"). In addition he completed two case studies, Chemdex Ventro - B2B Internet Exchanges (MIT Sloan School case) and MP3.com: Songs for the Body Electronic (LBS case).
II. Energy Technology Innovation
The Energy Technology Innovation Project is a multi-year, interdisciplinary effort to develop, propose, and promote effective policy recommendations for national and international efforts to stimulate energy innovation. Our interest is in contributing to the development of the global capacity to cooperatively and cost-effectively ameliorate the risks posed by current energy approaches, particularly the risks of greenhouse-gas-induced climate disruption, which are likely to be the most demanding driver of energy technology innovation in the coming century. Our approach is twofold. We first identify the gaps between current strategies for research, development, demonstration, and deployment of new energy technologies and the strategies that would be needed to offer effective future responses to the challenge of human-induced climate change. We then focus on identifying approaches to close those gaps. Our research and policy outreach focuses on the United States and a number of other major greenhouse-gas producing countries.
The project includes two related funded research and policy outreach projects: "Energy Technology Policy for a Greenhouse-Gas Constrained World," and "Technology Innovation for Global Change: The Role of Assessment, R&D, and Regulation."
Energy Technology Policy for a Greenhouse-Gas Constrained World has focused over the last year on international cooperation for energy research, development and deployment of low-greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting energy technologies that can also address local environment, development and security issues. Our emphasis has been on U.S. policy for international cooperation, particularly with two of the largest developing countries, China and India.
Technology Innovation for Global Change has focused on U.S. policies for the development of advanced energy technologies. The key question being asked in this study is how and under what conditions public policy can effectively and efficiently support and stimulate private sector investments in the development and adoption of environmentally-enhancing radical technological innovations. The research includes three in-depth case studies: wind turbines, gas turbines, and solar photovoltaics.
The Energy Technology Innovation Project is a joint project of STPP and the new the BCSIA Environment in Natural Resources Program (ENRP), and interacts with and complements work on climate issues being pursued in ENRP. In addition to being a co-principal investigator on this project, Henry Lee''s work on climate change in Russia as well as his work with Robert Stavins on designing mechanisms for carbon trading are linked to our work on policy for energy technology innovation. Stavins work on policy for the development and diffusion of energy efficiency technologies is also closely related, and we began discussions this year on the unique contributions that our different research methodologies can make to understanding the complexities of the technology innovation process. We are also linked to the work of the Global Environmental Assessment Project, through our project on Technology Innovation and Global Change, for which William Clark is a co-principal investigator and which includes a focus on the role of assessment in the technology innovation process.
Energy Technology Policy For A Greenhouse-Gas Constrained World (ETPGCW)
Arguably the most difficult and important question left unanswered at the Kyoto Conference on Climate Change is how to engage the developing countries in a collaborative approach to greenhouse-gas limitation with the United States and other industrial nations. Energy Technology Policy for a Greenhouse-Gas-Constrained World (ETPGCW) is an analytical and policy development and outreach initiative aimed at illuminating this question. Specifically, we are working to craft and catalyze a set of policies and institutions that can stimulate the research, development, and deployment of energy technologies that can address not only the climate issue, but the full range energy-related challenges of the 21st century, including environment, development and security concerns.
ETPGCW''s program of analysis and policy development and promotion contains four main elements:
(1) Characterizing recent patterns of energy research, development and deployment, both public and private, in selected key countries.
(2) Identifying the energy research, development and deployment necessary to slow and ultimately reverse the growth of GHG emissions.
(3) Developing specific proposals for changes in policies and institutions that could put more of the desired research, development and deployment in place, considering both international cooperation and domestic efforts.
(4) Promoting the adoption of these proposals by means of submissions and presentations to decision-makers and opinion leaders in the selected countries and the United States, and in national and international workshops convened for this purpose.
ETIP co-principal investigator John Holdren has been playing a major role in the national and international debate over potential adaptations of the energy sector to cope with challenge of climate change, regularly working with the President, the Vice President, other senior members of the Administration, members of Congress, and government leaders from other countries, industry leaders, academic experts, and others to make the case for the actions that are needed now to provide prudent insurance against the possibility that drastic reductions in carbon emissions will be necessary. In July 2000, he gave an invited presentation at the Aspen Institute Environmental Policy Forum, "The Energy-Climate Challenge and What to Do About It." The paper will be part of a book-length set of environmental policy recommendations presented to the next President of the United States by the Aspen Institute. Holdren has delivered variants of this address to senior audiences all over the world, from Washington to Tokyo to New Delhi to Beijing. Holdren is also the convening lead author (together with Kirk R. Smith of the University of California, Berkeley) of the chapter on energy and the environment in the forthcoming United Nations World Energy Assessment, edited by Jose Goldemberg.
The United States: Implementing the PCAST Recommendations
As reported in previous annual reports, the energy technology innovation project has provided substantial support for two studies by the President''s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), both of which were chaired by Energy Technology Innovation Project principal investigator John Holdren, Federal Energy R&D for the Challenges of the 21st Century (released in November 1997), and Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation and Energy Technology Innovation (released in May 1999).
During the past academic year, we have done follow-up work seeking to implement the recommendations of these reports. The first report identified the energy/climate challenge as the most demanding driver of energy R&D needs, and proposed a ramping up of U.S. federal investments in applied energy technology R&D from its level of $1.3 billion per year in fiscal year 1998 to $2.4 billion in fiscal year 2000 in order to meet this challenge. Over the past several years, the influence of this report on energy R&D budgets has been substantial. The president asked for 60% of the recommended increase in fiscal y
